You don't pronounce them. They are to signify the tense /case

It's sometimes used with the weakness letters and it means that these letters are not to be pronounced in both cases of Waqf [pausing reading] and Wasl [continuing reading]

وأن لا تعلو على الله Wa allā ta'lū 'ala-l-llāh

وإن لم تؤمنوا لي Wa i-l-lam tuminū bī

كم تركوا من جنـٰت Kam tarakū min jannāt

Hope I answered,, 😊

They don’t do anything. It’s just a type of plural word where it ends with aleph

"Silent letter/ Do not pronounce

This symbol means that the letter on which it appears, is a silent letter. In other words, you will completely ignore this letter and read the word without it. [...] Regardless of stopping at these words, or keeping on reading, the letters with [this symbol] on them will not be pronounced. The way these words are written is unique to the Qur’ān only, and it is part of the Uthmāni Codex that every muṢ-ḥaf follows."

P.17 of the Learners' handbook of tajweed from Drs. Islam Fekry. https://store.arabic101.org/product/learners-handbook-of-tajweed-ebook/?attribute_price=Paid+for

I bought the ebook and I think there's also a workbook with it. Also, he has a channel that could be extremely beneficial to you : Arabic 101 on youtube. I'm learning that then I'll move on to the book and ebook, Understanding 85% of the Qur'an from the same author. May Allah make it easy for us to learn the language.

As many had mentioned "it is written but not pronounced"; and it is called الألف الفارقة the Differentiating Alif

A) You should add the Differentiating Alif after the plural pronoun و (They) attached to verbs if:

A-1) Verbs in past tense: They-said قالواْ and they-wrote كَتَبواْ

A-2) Verbs commanding a group of people: Say-ya'all قُولُوا and Write-ya'all اُكْتُبُوا

A-3) Verbs in present tense but with modifiers (like لم and لن) that would make the present tense Accusative منصوب or Restrained مجزوم.. and these modifiers are chapters of Arabic grammar called "Tools/modifiers that make the present tense verbs Accusative" and "Restrained"..

They-never-say لَمْ يَقولواْ and they-won't-write لَنْ يَكْتُبواْ

It started with present tense verbs: They-say يَقولونَ and they-write يَكْتُبونَ but when you add these modifiers, the ن is removed and replaced with the Differentiating Alif: لَمْ يَقولواْ and لَنْ يَكْتُبواْ -- Again, these are chapters of their own in the big book of Arabic grammar..

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A) You should NOT add the Differentiating Alif if:

A-1) You should NEVER use it in nouns..

The-employees of-the-company مُوَظَّفو الشّرِكةِ

Employees is either مُوَظَّفونَ or مُوَظَّفينَ ; but when you put these plurals in a Genitive Construction إضافة (aka. a Possessive construction and مضاف ومضاف إليه), the rule is to chop-off the ن part..

The-employees of-the-company (or the-company's employees) مُوَظَّفو الشّرِكةِ or مُوَظَّفي الشّرِكةِ .. and because مُوَظَّفو is a noun, you should never add the Differentiating Alif..

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A-2) You shouldn't add it to present tense verbs that are NOT modified (that are Nominative مرفوع): They-say يَقولونَ and they-write يَكْتُبونَ

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A-3) and you should not add it in verbs where و is the original letter for the verb: verbs like He-hopes يَرْجو and he-invites يَدْعو .. because the و is the original letter for these verbs..

You ONLY add the Differentiating Alif after the pronoun letter و (They).. and it is called the Differentiating Alif because it differentiates between the original letter of the verb and the و of the plural pronoun (THEY)..

He-hopes يَرْجو and he-invites يَدْعو

The letter و is part of the verbs above.. However, when you add the plural pronoun و into those verbs, then the و becomes the pronoun letter..

They-hope يَرْجونَ and They-invite يَدْعونَ

The و becomes the plural pronoun (not the original و of the verb).. and we would say that the و in يَرْجونَ and يَدْعونَ are attaching pronoun letters..

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and if so, then this plural pronoun letter و can accept the Differentiating Alif الألِف الفارقة if you add modifiers as mentioned in (A-3):

They-never-hope لَمْ يَرْجواْ and They-won't-invite لَنْ يَدْعواْ

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It is called the the Differentiating Alif because when you read يدعو and يدعوا , one of them is he-invites (singular) while the other is they-x-invite (plural)..

Known az "jazm" in Quran, you don't pronoun it. Usually in plural forms of afflection, these are put with an alif, but not sounded while reciting the Qur'an. Usually in old books it will appear more like this ">" .

Not really expert at this if I’m wrong correct me but I will try to give befenit from the Arabic grammar in the Arabic grammar adding that extra alif there so it dosent mix with some Arabic words that’s end in و for example the verb to hope يرجو. the alif can’t be in the past tense for plural for example الطلاب ذهبوا and also present tense showing the مجرور or منصب example there it says لم تؤمنوا but if the لم wasn’t there it would تؤمنون and it can also come in command for plural example اذهبوا.

When there the verb is in the masculine plural past we add a ا after the و that we don't pronounce , that's the case in standard arabic

That's a sukun. It's like a stop sign with the pronunciation of the letter. If you know music it's like a staccato

It means it's extra letter so ignore and don't pronounce on all cases, and it could be on ا، و، ي so ignore all the letters you see it on them.

And maybe you will confused also about this symbol" 0 " it's similar with zero in English, in this case you don't pronounce the letters with this symbol when you continue reading but when you stop on it you should pronounce it as long vowel like أنا we don't pronounce this alef when connect it with the word after it but when we stop we pronounce it.

I hope you understand it will.

Any questions feel free to message me. ☺️

its called سكون sokoon if you see it you don't pronounce the letter